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AFRICAN LEOPARD

Scientific name: Panthera pardus
Sub-species:  East African leopard ( P. p. suahelica)
Weight:  Up to 140 lb.
Size:  About 28 in. at the shoulder
Life span: 10 to 14 years in the wild
Habitat: Open plains and light woodlands
Playable by: Members, and Seniors
Aggression level: Medium
Predators: African lion, Spotted hyena, Painted wolf, and Nile crocodile.
Predators of the young: African cheetah, African rock python and Martial eagle

Basic behavior:

- African leopards have a very broad selection of prey they like to consume in their diet; from beetles to mid-sized antelopes ranging from Thomson's gazelle to immature wildebeest calves. It readily eats carrion and often staches sizeable kills on top of trees, nightly to feed on them, preventing access to its main competitors and some scavenger species. Leopards spend their day and part of their night partially resting and scanning their surroundings on top of trees or in thick vegetation; around dusk and during most of their night they will move around their territory, scent-marking, patrolling it, and actively hunt during these night hours; they also engage in those behaviors for an hour or so during dawn. During the daytime, leopards will only hunt if they happen to stumble on a good opportunity or if it presents itself without it looking for it directly, or if the leopard is starving; otherwise, most of the hunting will be done during night time.

- African leopards are solitary animals, for the most part, adults-only associate with one another for mating purposes and the young become independent when they reach a sub-adult stage and start to hunt for themselves. Female territories overlap with those of males, generally having one male claiming multiple females. However, it happens that males may share the same interest for one particular female and in which case the encounters are vicious. 

- African leopards do not exhibit any kind of mating period or birthing period; they however present the typical feline mating behavior with the female being closely followed by the male while encouraging mating by rubbing heads and turning quickly to expose her backside to transition to a crouch and encouraging the male to mate. Males will generally roar as well when mating to warn off other males of his presence and like previously mentioned if two males were to happen to find each other a fight is likely to happen with the winner claiming the female as his own.

- Leopards are "The" ambush land predator in Africa, unlike lions or cheetahs which rely on group cooperation and/or can traverse larger distances faster, leopards rely entirely on pouncing the prey before it can start fleeing. They generally require to get in a range of 20 m to 5 m preferably to maximize their chances of catching the quarry. Despite their lack of social skills, mother leopards and their young are known to be able to cooperatively hunt together once said offspring reaches sub-adult.

- African leopards out rank on an individual level a lot of carnivores, however most of their competitors are in groups and from 7 large carnivores they only outrank cheetahs. Leopards will run away from any adult lion no matter their size, however when it comes to hyenas and painted wolves the case is a bit more puzzling, a leopardess with cubs will more likely go for the offensive than a solitary leopard or a young leopard. However it is worth noting that adult males will indeed to stand up from 1 to 2 hyenas at least or a small pack of painted wolves of 3 to 5 members, though like mentioned before they will generally flee or seek refuge in a tree. Its also worth noting that no matter the situation a leopard can always try to intimidate a foe no its size, however depending on the species if said foe goes in the offensive the guidelines are listed previously above. Scavengers like jackals and vultures are tolerated as long as they don't get too close and cheetahs and pairs of painted wolves are fair game for leopards to try to steal kills from.

- Like most African felines leopards do not like water and avoid swimming in it as much as possible, meaning if a prey decides to go in the water they either have to wait for it to get out or leave the scene. However leopards are known during dire times to venture in dry river beds or waterholes to try and catch large fish species like cat fish.

 

Physical characteristics:

Leopards are members of the big cat family. These large carnivores are powerfully built with long bodies, relatively short legs, and a broadhead. The leopard’s tawny coat is covered in dark, irregular spots called rosettes. The spots are circular in East African leopards but square in Southern African leopards.    

Prey List:

Solo 1 resortImpala, Thomson's gazelle, Grant's gazelle, Dik-Dik, Gerenuk, Bushbuck, Guineafowl and Vervet monkey

Solo 2 resort: Warthog, Juvenile Oryx, Juvenile waterbuck, Juvenile eland, Banded mongoose, Olive baboon, Aardvark, Bat-eared fox, African wild cat, Caracal, and serval.

Last resort: Sub-adult and female wildebeest, Topi, Hartebeest, Juvenile zebra, Porcupine, newborn Giraffe, newborn Rhinoceros, newborn Elephant, newborn Hippopotamus and newborn Cape buffalo all alone.

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AFRICAN LEOPARD CONSERVATION STATUS

VULNERABLE


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The primary threat to the leopard is human activity, habitat fragmentation, reduced prey base, and human-wildlife conflict have greatly reduced this species’ population throughout most of their range. Although they are widely distributed across Africa and Asia, due to habitat fragmentation and loss, their range has reduced by 31 percent worldwide in the past three generations (about 22 years). The commercialized bushmeat trade has caused a collapse of prey populations across large parts of savanna Africa — estimated an average of 59 percent decline in prey populations across 78 protected areas.

Male Roles/Reactions:

- Males will generally have a territory that is centered in the middle of multiple female territories, so that means that they can wander in the female territories without bothering the female in question however if they encounter another male they will be territorial towards each other and will chase the other out of either their territory or the female territory they are in. 

 

- Even if they are related, males will not tolerate another male in their territory or the territory they are in, males will even chase away their own male offspring out of their mother's territory when they reach adulthood. Unrelated cubs though are given no mercy and will be killed if seen alone.

- Males take no part in the rearring of their offspring however, if they happen to encounter each other with their mother or alone and are relatively young the male will not harm it, will probably sniff it or even rest with it/them for a short while before parting ways.

Interspecific competition:  Painted wolf, Spotted hyena, African cheetah, and African lion

Call meaning:

1. Territorial call made by leopards to advertise their presence, which in this case is usually done  at dawn or shortly before the evening or for females to attract possible mates

2. Growls are produced when the leopard feels threatened during an altercation with a predator, another leopard or when any animal is showing signs of aggression towards them.

AFRICAN LEOPARD TERRITORY MAPS: 

 

Female Roles/Reactions:

In comparison to the males, the females stay in their territory and generally don't wander away from it, but they can wander in a male's a territory if needed. Females will not tolerate other females in their territory.

 

- Females will signal to other males that they are ready to mate by scent marking more than usual with the hopes of catching the attention of a potential mate. When they are ready to give birth females will seek a hiding spot for their cubs like a large rock formation where she can find a den.

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- Mother leopards are very protective over their offspring and will protect mostly from every threat except very large ones (lions, crocodiles, buffalos...etc) are generally not engaged with but the mother will rather distract them from the cub. When the cubs reach sub-adult stage where they can start to hunt on their own the mother will start to leave her cub on her territory and will let it fend for itself, from that point forward reunions can happen with the mother allowing her sired cub to feed with her until it becomes an adult or enters a new eastrus season, afterwards the cub is no longer accepted. 

Juvenile Roles/Reactions:

-  If their mother is out hunting they will hide out and wait for their mother to return to them, even if they are pretty old they will still wait for their mother to return with food.

- Siblings will play tag with each other to make their hunting tactics to become more efficient hunters in the coming months.

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MALE TERRITORIES



FEMALE TERRITORIES

WROTE BY ENDERSHADOW

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